Engine removal is not
required for this procedure.
•
|
Use fender covers to avoid damaging
painted surfaces. |
•
|
To avoid damaging the cylinder head,
wait until the engine coolant temperature drops below normal
temperature before removing
it. |
•
|
When handling a metal gasket, take care
not to fold the gasket or damage the contact surface of the
gasket. |
•
|
To avoid damage, unplug the wiring
connectors carefully while holding the connector
portion. | |
Mark all wiring and hoses to avoid
misconnection. |
In case of removing the high pressure fuel
pump, high pressure fuel pipe, delivery pipe, and injector, there
may be injury caused by leakage of the high pressure fuel. So don’t
do any repair work right after engine stops.
|
1. |
Remove the engine
cover. |
2. |
Disconnect the battery terminals (A).

|
3. |
Remove the air cleaner assembly.
(1) |
Remove the air duct
(A) |
(2) |
Disconnect the breather hose (B) and the
air intake hose (C) |
(3) |
Remove the air cleaner assembly
(D) |

|
4. |
Remove the battery (A) after removing the
mounting bracket.

|
5. |
Disconnect the ECM connectors (A) and then
remove the ECM (B) and battery tray (C).

|
6. |
Remove the RH front wheel.
|
7. |
Remove the under covers (A).

|
8. |
Loosen the drain plug, and drain the engine
coolant. Remove the radiator cap to help drain the coolant faster.
(Refer to Cooling system in this
group) |
9. |
Disconnect the radiator upper hose (A) and
lower hose (B).


|
10. |
Disconnect the wiring connectors and harness
clamps, and remove the wiring and protectors from the cylinder head
and intake manifold.
(1) |
The A/C compressor switch connector (A),
the alternator connector (B) and the cable from the alternator
“B” terminal (C)

|
(2) |
The intake OCV (Oil control valve)
connector (A) and the exhaust OCV (Oil control valve)
connector (B)

|
(3) |
The ignition coil connectors (A), the
injector extension connector (B), the VIS (Variable intake
system) connector (C) and the PCSV (Purge control solenoid
valve) connector (D)

|
(4) |
The FPCV (Fuel pressure control valve)
connector (A), the intake CMPS (Camshaft position sensor)
connector (B) and the exhaust CMPS (Camshaft position sensor)
connector (C)

|
(5) |
Disconnect the oxygen sensor connectors
(A) and the condenser connector (B)

|
(6) |
The ECTS (Engine coolant temperature
sensor) connector (A) and the ground line (B)

|
(7) |
The ETC (Electronic throttle control)
connector (A) and the MAPS (Manifold absolute pressure sensor)
& IATS (Intake air temperature sensor) connector
(B)

| |
11. |
Disconnect the brake booster vacuum hose (A)
and heater hose (B).

|
12. |
Disconnect the fuel hose (A), the PCV
(Positive crankcase ventilation) hose (B) and the PCSV (Purge
control solenoid valve) hose (C).

|
13. |
Remove the vacuum pipe assembly
(A).

|
14. |
Remove the high pressure pipe (A). (Refer to
FL group)

|
15. |
Remove the high pressure fuel pump (A) and the
roller tappet (B). (Refer to FL group)

|
16. |
Remove the ignition coils (A).

|
17. |
Remove the exhaust OCV (Oil control valve)
(B).

|
18. |
Remove the cylinder head cover (A) with
gaskets (B).

|
19. |
Remove the exhaust OCV (Oil control valve)
adapter (A).

|
20. |
Remove the timing chain.
(Refer to Timing system in this
group) |
21. |
Remove the exhaust manifold assembly. (Refer
to Intake and exhaust system in this
group) |
22. |
Remove the intake manifold module assembly.
(Refer to Intake and exhaust system in this
group) |
23. |
Remove the intake CVVT assembly (A) and
exhaust CVVT assembly (B).

When removing the CVVT assembly bolt,
prevent the camshaft from rotating by using a wrench at
position (A). |

|
24. |
Remove the camshaft bearing caps (A) with the
order below.

|
25. |
Remove the camshafts (A).

|
26. |
Remove the injector & rail assembly (A).
(Refer to FL group)

|
27. |
Remove the water temperature control assembly
(B) after disconnecting the throttle body cooling hose
(A).

|
28. |
Remove the heater pipe (A).

|
29. |
Remove the intake OCV (Oil Control Valve)
(A).

|
30. |
Remove the cylinder head bolts, then remove
the cylinder head.
(1) |
Uniformly loosen and remove the 10
cylinder head bolts, in several passes, in the sequence
shown.

Head warpage or cracking could
result from removing bolts in an incorrect
order. | |
(2) |
Lift the cylinder head from the cylinder
block and put the cylinder head on wooden blocks.
Be careful not to damage the
contact surfaces of the cylinder head and cylinder
block. | | |
Identify MLA(Mechanical lash adjuster),
valves, valve springs as they are removed so that each item can be
reinstalled in its original
position. |
1. |
Remove the MLAs (A).
When removing MLAs, mark all the MLAs
for their rearrangement. |

|
2. |
Remove the valves.
(1) |
Using the SST (09222 - 3K000, 09222 -
3K100), compress the valve spring and remove the retainer
lock.

|
(2) |
Remove the spring
retainer. |
(3) |
Remove the valve
spring. |
(5) |
Remove the valve stem
seal. |
(6) |
Using a magnetic pickup tool, remove the
spring seat.
Do not reuse the valve stem
seals. | | |
1. |
Inspect for flatness.
Using a precision straight edge and feeler
gauge, measure the surface the contacting the cylinder block and the
manifolds for warpage.
Flatness of
cylinder head gasket surface
Standard :
Less than 0.05mm (0.0020in) for total
area
Less than 0.02mm (0.0008in) for a
section of 100mm (3.9370in) X 100mm
(3.9370in)
|

|
2. |
Inspect for cracks.
Check the combustion chamber, intake ports,
exhaust ports and cylinder block surface for cracks. If cracked,
replace the cylinder head. |
Valve And Valve Spring
1. |
Inspect the valve stems and valve
guides.
(1) |
Using a caliper gauge, measure the inner
diameter of valve guide.
Valve
guide inner diameter :
5.500 ~ 5.512mm (0.2165 ~
0.2170in)
|

|
(2) |
Using a micrometer, measure the outer
diameter of valve stem.
Valve
stem outer diameter
Intake : 5.465 ~ 5.480mm (0.2152 ~
0.2157in)
Exhaust : 5.458 ~ 5.470mm (0.2149
~ 0.2154in)
|

|
(3) |
Subtract the valve stem outer diameter
measurement from the valve guide inner diameter
measurement.
Valve
stem- to-guide clearance
Intake : 0.020 ~ 0.047mm (0.0008 ~
0.0019in)
Exhaust : 0.030 ~ 0.054mm (0.0012
~ 0.0021in)
|
If the clearance is greater than
specification, replace the valve or the cylinder
head. | |
2. |
Inspect the valves.
(1) |
Check the valve is ground to the correct
valve face angle. |
(2) |
Check that the surface of valve for
wear.
If the valve face is worn, replace the
valve. |
(3) |
Check the valve head margin
thickness.
If the margin thickness is less than
minimum, replace the valve.
Margin
Standard
Intake : 1.10mm
(0.0433in)
Exhaust : 1.26mm
(0.0496in)
|

|
(4) |
Check the length of valve.
Valve
length
Standard
Intake : 93.15mm (3.6673
in)
Exhaust : 92.60mm (3.6457
in)
| |
(5) |
Check the surface of valve stem tip for
wear.
If the valve stem tip is worn, replace
the
valve. | |
3. |
Inspect the valve seats.
(1) |
Check the valve seat for evidence of
overheating and improper contact with the valve face. If the
valve seat is worn, replace the cylinder head.
|
(2) |
Check the valve guide for wear. If the
valve guide is worn, replace the cylinder
head. | |
4. |
Inspect the valve springs.
(1) |
Using a steel square, measure the
out-of-square of valve
spring. |
(2) |
Using a vernier calipers, measure the
free length of valve spring.
Valve
spring
Standard
Free height : 45.1mm
(1.7756in)
Out of square : Less than
1.5°
|

| |
Camshaft
1. |
Inspect the cam height.
Using a micrometer, measure the cam
height.
Cam
height
Intake : 44.15mm (1.7382in)
Exhaust : 43.55mm
(1.7146in)
|

If the cam lobe height is less than specified,
replace the camshaft. |
2. |
Check the cranshaft journal for
wear.
If the journal is worn excessively, replace
the camshaft. |
3. |
Inspect the camshaft journal
clearance.
(1) |
Clean the bearing caps and camshaft
journals. |
(2) |
Place the camshafts on the cylinder
head. |
(3) |
Lay a strip of plastigage across each of
the camshaft journal.

|
(4) |
Install the bearing caps and tighten the
bolts with specified torque.
Tightening torque :
1st step
M6 bolt :
5.9 N.m (0.6 kgf.m, 4.3
lb-ft)
M8 bolt :
9.8 N.m (1.0 kgf.m, 7.2
lb-ft)
2nd step
M6 bolts :
11.8 ~ 13.7N.m (1.2 ~ 1.4kgf.m,
8.7 ~ 10.1lb-ft)
M8 bolts :
18.6 ~ 22.6N.m (1.9 ~ 2.3kgf.m,
13.7 ~ 16.6lb-ft)
|
Do not turn the
camshaft. | |
(5) |
Remove the bearing
caps. |
(6) |
Measure the plastigage at its widest
point.
Bearing
oil clearance
Standard : 0.027 ~ 0.058mm (0.0011
~ 0.0023in)
Limit : 0.1mm (
0.0039in)
|

If the oil clearance is greater than
specified, replace the camshaft. If necessary, replace the
bearing caps and cylinder head as a
set. | |
4. |
Inspect the camshaft end play.
(1) |
Install the
camshafts. |
(2) |
Using a dial indicator, measure the end
play while moving the camshaft back and forth.
Camshaft
end play
Standard : 0.1 ~ 0.2mm (0.0039 ~
0.0079in)
|

If the end play is greater than
specified, replace the camshaft. If necessary, replace the
bearing caps and cylinder head as a
set. |
(3) |
Remove the
camshafts. | |
Continuous Variable Valve Timing (CVVT)
Assembly
1. |
Inspect the Continuous variable valve timing
(CVVT) assembly.
(1) |
Fix the Continuous variable valve timing
(CVVT ) with its camshaft in a
vice. |
(2) |
Check that the CVVT assembly will not
turn. If it is not turned, it is in normal
condition. |
(3) |
Apply vinyl tape to all the parts except
the one hole. |
(4) |
Using an air gun, apply the pressure,
147.10kpa (1.5kg/cm², 21.33psi) in the hole. This makes the
lock pin in maximum retarded state released.
• |
Wrap around it with a shop
rag, because the oil can splash
out. |
• |
After releasing the pin, you
can turn the CVVT assembly for advance by
hand. |
• |
If there was too much air
leakage, the pin can not be
released. | | |
(5) |
Under the condition of 3), turn the CVVT
assembly to the advance angle side with your
hand.
Depending on the air pressure, the CVVT
assembly will turn to the advance side.
Also, if the air pressure that was
applied was insufficient because of the air leakage from the
port, the lock pin may not release
properly. |
(6) |
Except the position where the lock pin
meets at the maximum delay angle, let the CVVT assembly turn
back and forth and check the movable range and that there is
no interference.
Standard
: Movable smoothly in the range
about 25°
| |
(7) |
Turn the CVVT assembly with your hand
counterclockwise and lock it at the maximum delay angle
position. | |
•
|
Thoroughly clean all parts to be
assembled. |
•
|
Before installing the parts, apply fresh
engine oil to all sliding and rotating
surface. |
•
|
Replace oil seals with new
ones. | |
1. |
Install the valves.
(1) |
Install the spring
seats. |
(2) |
Using the SST (09222 - 2B100), push in a
new oil seal.
Do not reuse old valve stem oil
seals.
Incorrect installation of the seal
could result in oil leakage past the valve
guides. |
Intake valve stem seals are
different from exhaust ones in type. Do not reassembly
ones in the other's
places. | |
(3) |
Install the valve, valve spring and
spring retainer, after applying engine oil at the end of each
valve.
When installing valve springs, the
enamel coated side should face the valve spring
retainer. | | |
2. |
Using the SST(09222 - 3K000, 09222 - 3K100),
compress the spring and install the retainer locks.
After installing the valves, ensure that the
retainer locks are correctly in place before releasing the valve
spring compressor.

When installing the SST, use the torque,
1.2kgf.m or
less. | |
3. |
Lightly tap the end of each valve stem two or
three times with the wooden handle of a hammer to ensure proper
seating of the valve and retainer
lock. |
4. |
Install the MLA(Mechanical lash
adjuster)s.
Check that the MLA (A) rotates smoothly by
hand.
.gif)
All the MLAs must be installed in its
original
position. | |
•
|
Thoroughly clean all parts to be
assembled. |
•
|
Always use a new cylinder head and
manifold gasket. |
•
|
Always use a new cylinder head
bolt. |
•
|
The cylinder head gasket is a metal
gasket. Take care not to bend
it. |
•
|
Rotate the crankshaft, set the No.1
piston at
TDC. | |
1. |
Install the cylinder head
assembly.
(1) |
Before installing, remove the hardened
sealant from the cylinder block and cylinder head
surface. |
(2) |
Before installing the cylinder head
gasket, apply sealant on the upper surface of the cylinder
block and reassemble the gasket within five
minutes.

Refer to the illustration for
applying sealant. |
Width
: 2.0 ~
3.0mm(0.0787~0.1181in.)
Position
: 1.0 ~
1.5mm(0.0394~0.0591in.)
Specification :
Hyundai Gray RTV or TB 1217H or LOCTITE
5900H
|

|
(3) |
After installing the cylinder head
gasket on the cylinder block, apply sealant on the upper
surface of the cylinder head gasket and reassemble in five
minutes. | |
2. |
Place the cylinder head carefully not to
damage the gasket. |
3. |
Install the cylinder head bolts with
washers.
(1) |
Tighten the 10 cylinder head bolts, in
several passes, in the sequence
shown. |
Tightening
torque :
29.4Nm (3.0kgf.m, 21.7lb-ft) + 90° +
90°
|

Always use new cylinder head
bolts. | |
4. |
Install the oil control valve (OCV)
(A).
Tightening
torque :
9.8 ~ 11.8 N.m (1.0 ~ 1.2 kgf.m, 7.2 ~
8.7 lb-ft)
|

•
|
Do not reuse the OCV when
dropped. |
•
|
Keep the OCV filter
clean. |
•
|
Do not hold the OCV sleeve (A)
during servicing. |
•
|
When the OCV is installed on the
engine, do not move the engine with holding the OCV
yoke. |

| |
5. |
Install the heater pipe (A).
Tightening
torque
M6 bolt and nuts :
9.8 ~ 11.8N.m (1.0 ~ 1.2kgf.m, 7.2 ~
8.7lb-ft)
M8 bolts :
18.6 ~ 23.5N.m (1.9 ~ 2.4kgf.m, 13.7 ~
17.4lb-ft)
|

|
6. |
Install the water temperature control assembly
(A) after connecting the throttle body cooling hose
(A).
Tightening
torque :
9.8 ~ 11.8N.m (1.0 ~ 1.2kgf.m, 7.2 ~
8.7lb-ft)
|

|
7. |
Install the injector & rail assembly
(A).
Tightening
torque :
18.6 ~ 23.5N.m (1.9 ~ 2.4kgf.m, 13.7 ~
17.4lb-ft)
|

|
8. |
Install the intake and exhaust
manifold.
(Refer to Intake and Exhaust system in this
group) |
9. |
Install the camshafts (A).
(1) |
Before installing, apply engine oil on
journals.
Do not make oil flow down to the
front side of the cylinder
head. | |
(2) |
After installing, check the valve
clearance.

| |
10. |
Install the camshaft bearing caps with the
order below.
Tightening
torque :
1st step
M6 bolt :
5.9 N.m (0.6 kgf.m, 4.3
lb-ft)
M8 bolt :
9.8 N.m (1.0 kgf.m, 7.2
lb-ft)
2nd step
M6 bolts :
11.8 ~ 13.7N.m (1.2 ~ 1.4kgf.m, 8.7 ~
10.1lb-ft)
M8 bolts :
18.6 ~ 22.6N.m (1.9 ~ 2.3kgf.m, 13.7 ~
16.6lb-ft)
|

|
11. |
Install the intake CVVT assembly (A) and
exhaust CVVT assembly (B).
Tightening
torque :
63.7 ~ 73.5N.m (6.5 ~ 7.5kgf.m, 47.0 ~
54.2lb-ft)
|

When installing the CVVT assembly bolt,
prevent the camshaft from rotating by using a wrench at
position (A). |

|
12. |
Install the timing chain.
(Refer to Timing system in this
group) |
13. |
Before installing the cylinder head cover,
remove oil, dust or hardened sealant from the timing chain cover and
the cylinder head upper surface. |
14. |
After applying the liquid gasket, Hyundai Gray
RTV or THREE BOND 1217H or LOCTITE 5900H on the cylinder head cover,
reassemble the cover within five minutes.
Width
: 2.0 ~
2.5mm(0.0787~0.0984in.)
|

|
15. |
Install the OCV (Oil Control Valve) adapter
(A).
Tightening
torque :
9.8 ~ 11.8N.m (1.0 ~ 1.2kgf.m, 7.2 ~
8.7lb-ft)
|
.gif)
•
|
Keep the OCV adapter
clean. |
•
|
Make sure the O-rings on the front
bearing cap are
installed. | | |
16. |
Install the cylinder head cover (A) with a new
gasket (B).
.gif)
Do not reuse the disassembled
gasket. | |
17. |
Tighten the cylinder head cover bolts (A) with
the order and steps.
Tightening
torque :
1st step: 3.9 ~ 5.9 N.m (0.4 ~ 0.6
kgf.m, 2.9 ~ 4.3 lb-ft)
2nd step: 7.8 ~ 9.8 N.m (0.8 ~ 1.0
kgf.m, 5.8 ~ 7.2 lb-ft)
|

|
18. |
Install the exhaust OCV (Oil control valve)
(A).
Tightening
torque :
9.8 ~ 11.8N.m (1.0 ~ 1.2kgf.m, 7.2 ~
8.7lb-ft)
|
.gif)
•
|
Do not reuse the OCV when dropped.
|
•
|
Keep the OCV filter
clean. |
•
|
Do not hold the OCV sleeve (A)
during servicing. |
•
|
When the OCV is installed on the
engine, do not move the engine with holding the OCV
yoke.
| |

|
19. |
Install the ignition coils (A).
Tightening
torque :
9.8 ~ 11.8N.m (1.0 ~ 1.2kgf.m, 7.2 ~
8.7lb-ft)
|
.gif)
|
20. |
Install the high pressure fuel pump (A) and
the roller tappet (B). (Refer to FL group)
Tightening
torque :
12.7 ~ 14.7N.m (1.3 ~ 1.5kgf.m, 9.4 ~
10.8lb-ft)
|
.gif)
Before installing the high pressure fuel
pump, position the roller tappet in the lowest position (BDC)
by rotating the crankshaft. Otherwise the installation bolts
may be broken because of tension of the pump spring.
|
Do not use already used bolt again.
|
When tightening the installation bolts
of the high pressure fuel pump, tighten in turn the bolts in
small step (0.5 turns) after tightening them with hand-screwed
torque. |
Note that internal damage may occur when
the component is dropped. In this case, use it after
inspecting. |
Apply engine oil to the O-ring (A) of
the high pressure fuel pump, the roller tappet (B), and the
protrusion (C). Also apply engine oil to the groove where the
protrusion is installed. |

|
21. |
Install the high pressure pipe (A). (Refer to
FL group)
Tightening
torque :
25.5 ~ 31.4N.m (2.6 ~ 3.2kgf.m, 18.8 ~
23.1lb-ft)
|
.gif)
Do not reuse the high pressure pipe.
| |
22. |
Install the vacuum pipe assembly
(A).
Tightening
torque :
9.8 ~ 11.8N.m (1.0 ~ 1.2kgf.m, 7.2 ~
8.7lb-ft)
|

|
23. |
Connect the fuel hose (A), the PCV (Positive
crankcase ventilation) hose (B) and the PCSV (Purge control solenoid
valve) hose (C).
.gif)
|
24. |
Connect the brake booster vacuum hose (A) and
heater hose (B).

Install the heater hoses as shown
illustrations. |

|
25. |
Connect the wiring connectors and harness
clamps, and remove the wiring and protectors from the cylinder head
and intake manifold.
(1) |
The A/C compressor switch connector (A),
the alternator connector (B) and the cable from the alternator
“B” terminal (C)
Tightening torque :
9.8 ~ 11.8N.m (1.0 ~ 1.2kgf.m, 7.2
~ 8.7lb-ft)
|

|
(2) |
The intake OCV (Oil control valve)
connector (A) and the exhaust OCV (Oil control valve)
connector (B)
.gif)
|
(3) |
The ignition coil connectors (A), the
injector extension connector (B), the VIS (Variable intake
system) connector (C) and the PCSV (Purge control solenoid
valve) connector (D)

|
(4) |
The FPCV (Fuel pressure control valve)
connector (A), the intake CMPS (Camshaft position sensor)
connector (B) and the exhaust CMPS (Camshaft position sensor)
connector (C)

|
(5) |
The oxygen sensor connectors (A) and the
condenser connector (B).

|
(6) |
The ECTS (Engine coolant temperature
sensor) connector (A) and the ground line

|
(7) |
The ETC (Electronic throttle control)
connector (A) and the MAPS (Manifold absolute pressure sensor)
& IATS (Intake air temperature sensor) connector
(B)

| |
26. |
Connect the radiator upper hose (A) and lower
hose (B).


Install the radiator hoses as shown
illustrations. |

|
27. |
Install the under covers (A).
Tightening
torque :
6.9 ~ 10.8 N.m (0.7 ~ 1.1 kgf.m, 5.1 ~
8.0 lb-ft)
|

|
28. |
Install the battery tray (C).
Tightening
torque :
8.8 ~ 13.7 N.m (0.9 ~ 1.4 kgf.m, 6.5 ~
10.1 lb-ft)
| |
29. |
Install the ECM (B) and then connect the ECM
connectors (A).
Tightening
torque :
9.8 ~ 11.8 N.m (1.0 ~ 1.2 kgf.m, 7.2 ~
8.7 lb-ft)
|

|
30. |
Install the battery (A) after removing the
mounting bracket.
Tightening
torque :
8.8 ~ 13.7 N.m (0.9 ~ 1.4 kgf.m, 6.5 ~
10.1 lb-ft)
|

|
31. |
Install the RH front wheel.
|
32. |
Install the air cleaner assembly.
(1) |
Install the air cleaner assembly (D) and
the air intake hose (C).
Tightening torque
Hose clamp bolt :
2.9 ~ 4.9N.m (0.3 ~ 0.5kgf.m, 2.2
~ 3.6lb-ft)
Air cleaner assembly bolts :
7.8 ~ 9.8N.m (0.8 ~ 1.0kgf.m, 5.8
~ 7.2lb-ft)
| |
(2) |
Connect the breather hose
(B). |
(3) |
Install the air duct
(A). |

•
|
Install the air intake hose while
the plate of the hose clamp must be in line with the
stopper of the hose. |
•
|
Install the air intake hose while
the groove of hose must be matched to the protrusion of
the throttle body.
| |

|
33. |
Connect the battery negative terminals
(A).
Tightening
torque
(+) terminal :
7.8 ~ 9.8N.m (0.8 ~ 1.0kgf.m, 5.8 ~
7.2lb-ft)
(-) terminal (without battery sensor)
:
7.8 ~ 9.8N.m (0.8 ~ 1.0kgf.m, 5.8 ~
7.2lb-ft)
(-) terminal (with battery sensor)
:
4.0 ~ 6.0N.m (0.4 ~ 0.6kgf.m, 3.0 ~
4.4lb-ft)
|

|
34. |
Install the engine
cover. |
Install the engine
cover. |
Perform the following :
•
|
Refill engine with engine
oil. |
•
|
Refill a transaxle with
fluid. |
•
|
Refill a radiator and a reservoir tank
with engine coolant. |
•
|
Clean battery posts and cable terminals
and assemble. |
•
|
Inspect for fuel leakage.
|
-
|
After assemble the fuel line, turn on
the ignition switch (do not operate the starter) so that the
fuel pump runs for approximately two seconds and fuel line
pressurizes. |
-
|
Repeat this operation two or three
times, then check for fuel leakage at any point in the fuel
line. |
•
|
Bleed air from the cooling
system. |
-
|
Start engine and let it run until it
warms up. (until the radiator fan operates 3 or 4
times.) |
-
|
Turn Off the engine. Check the level in
the radiator, add coolant if needed. This will allow trapped
air to be removed from the cooling
system. |
-
|
Put radiator cap on tightly, then run
the engine again and check for
leaks. | | |