SRS airbag system

Precautions Parts location System information Troubleshooting Diagnostic trouble codes Removal / installation

SRS AIRBAG

SRS AIRBAG SYSTEM

PRECAUTIONS

1. Before starting all works

(1) The airbag system is fitted with a backup power supply. After disconnecting the battery ground terminal, the airbag may operate if you do not wait for 60 seconds or more before starting the service of airbag system.

(2) When servicing a vehicle, be sure to turn the ignition switch to OFF, disconnect the ground terminal from battery, and wait for 60 seconds or more before starting work.

(3) If the airbag warning light illuminates, check or repair the vehicle immediately to prevent it from airbag system malfunction.

(4) Prevent water or oil from adhering to the connector terminals. Also, do not touch the connector terminals directly.

(5) If damage, open circuit or rust is found on airbag system wiring harness, do not repair the harness. Always replace the faulty harness with a new genuine part.

(6) When painting or performing sheet metal work on the front part of the vehicle, including the front wheel apron, front fender and radiator panel side, remove the front sub sensors and wiring harness of airbag system.

(7) When painting or performing sheet metal work on the side of the vehicle, including the side sill, center pillar and front and rear doors, remove the side airbag sensors, curtain airbag sensor, satellite safing sensor, front door impact sensor and wiring harness of the airbag system.

(8) When attaching the steering wheel and steering roll connector, be sure to adjust the steering roll connector.

2. Before starting parts replacement

(1) If airbag sensors, airbag module, airbag control module, pretensioners, harnesses, or the cover - if satellite safing is deformed or damaged, replace with new parts.

(2) Install the wiring harness securely with the specified clips to avoid interference or tangled with other parts.

(3) Do not use the airbag or pretensioner parts from other vehicles. Always replace the defective parts with new parts.

(4) Never reuse any activated airbag module and pretensioner.

(5) Do not discard undeployed airbag or pretensioner.

(6) When airbag control module, front sub sensor, side airbag sensor, curtain airbag sensor, satellite safing sensor and front door impact sensor are removed, do not reuse the bolts and nuts of them. Always replace with the specified new bolt and nut.

(7) When attaching the steering wheel and steering roll connector, be sure to adjust the steering roll connector.

(8) After removing each parts of the airbag system, keep them with the pad side facing upward on a dry, clean and flat surface away from heat, light sources, moisture and dust.

(9) Do not drop any airbag component, store them under high temperature of 85°C (185°F) or more, or let water, oil or grease get on them; the internal parts may be damaged or the reliability may be greatly lowered.

(10) When storing a removed airbag module, do not place it with the pad side facing downward. Do not place any objects on the airbag module. Do not pile up the airbag module. If the pad of the airbag module is in contact with other objects, it may cause a serious accident if the airbag accidentally operates.

(11) Driver side air bag module

(12) Passenger’s airbag module and side airbag module

(13) Do not disassemble driver’s airbag module, knee airbag module, passenger’s airbag module, side airbag module, curtain airbag module or pretensioner.

(14) The removed front seat with airbag module must be kept at least 200 mm (8 in) away from walls and other objects.

3. Before starting troubleshooting

(1) Even if any part must be replaced as the result of troubleshooting, do not use an airbag part or pretensioner part from other vehicles. Always replace the defective parts with new parts.

(2) When checking the airbag system, be sure to use a digital circuit tester. Use of an analog circuit tester may cause the airbag to activate erroneously due to a low current inside tester.

(3) Prevent water or oil from adhering to the connector terminals. Also, do not touch the connector terminals directly.

(4) When checking, use a test harness. Damage to connector terminal causes malfunction. Do not directly put the tester probe on airbag connector terminal.

(5) Do not check continuity of the driver’s airbag module, knee airbag module, passenger’s airbag module, side airbag module, curtain airbag module or pretensioner.

(6) If damage, open circuit or rust is found on airbag system wiring harness, do not repair the harness. Always replace the faulty harness with a new genuine part.

4. Checking with a probe

(1) Insert the probe into the harness hole, and contact it with the terminal.

(2) Do not insert the probe forcibly.

(3) Be careful not to contact the part between the terminal and harness with the tip of probe. (It will make harness come off easily from connector.)

INSPECTION

1. Measure the battery voltage and check the battery fluid.

Standard voltage
: 12V Specific gravity
: 1.260 or more

PREPARATION TOOL

CAUTION:

When measuring the voltage, resistance, etc. of the airbag system components, be sure to use the specified test harness.

1. Subaru Select Monitor

Shape	Tool number	Remarks
	1B023XG0	Used for diagnosing electrical system failure.

2. Test harness H

Tool number	Remarks
98299FA030	Used when measuring voltage and resistance of front sub sensor and front door impact sensor.

3. Test harness N

Tool number	Remarks
98299SA000	Used when measuring voltage and resistance of driver’s airbag module, seat belt pretensioner, curtain airbag module, and knee airbag module.

4. Test harness AG

Tool number	Remarks
98299AG070	Used when measuring voltage and resistance of airbag control module.

5. Test harness AH

Tool number	Remarks
98299AG080	Used together with test harness AG when measuring voltage and resistance of the airbag control module.

6. Test harness V

Tool number	Remarks
98299AG010	Used when measuring voltage and resistance of side airbag sensor and curtain airbag sensor.

7. Airbag resistor

Tool number	Remarks
98299PA040	Used in replacement of airbag module for which resistance is same as airbag module.

8. Test harness AJ

Tool number	Remarks
98299FG000	Used when measuring power supply and resistance of side airbag harness.

9. Test harness AI

Tool number	Remarks
98299AG090	· Used for diagnoses of side airbag sensor and curtain airbag sensor. ·Used together with test harness V.

10. Test harness AT

Tool number	Remarks
98299CA0020	Used when measuring power supply and resistance of side airbag harness.

11. Test harness adapter D

Shape	Tool number	Remarks
	98299SA011	· Used for operation process of driver’s airbag module. ·Used for operation process of curtain airbag module. ·Used for operation process of pretensioner. ·Used together with airbag deployment tool. (98299PA030) ·Before reuse, replace the repair connector (98299FJ010).

12. Test harness adapter F

Shape	Tool number	Remarks
	98299SA050	· Used for operation process of pretensioner. ·Used together with airbag deployment tool. (98299PA030) ·Before reuse, replace the repair connector (98299FJ012).

13. Test harness adapter AM

Shape	Tool number	Remarks
	98299FJ000	· Used for operation process of passenger’s airbag module. ·Used together with airbag deployment tool. (98299PA030)

14. Test harness adapter AR

Shape	Tool number	Remarks
	98299CA000	· Used for operation process of side airbag module. ·Used together with airbag deployment tool. (98299PA030)

15. Airbag deployment tool

Shape	Tool number	Remarks
	98299PA030	· Used for operation process of airbag module and pretensioner. ·Used together with each test harness adapter.

16. Test harness adapter AN

Shape	Tool number	Remarks
	98299FJ010	Repair kit for replacing the melted connector of test harness adapter D.

17. Test harness adapter AO

Shape	Tool number	Remarks
	98299FJ020	Repair kit for replacing the melted connector of test harness adapter F.

18. General tool

Tool name	Remarks
Circuit tester	Used for measuring resistance, voltage and current.
Probe	Used when measuring voltage and resistance of passenger’s airbag module.
Oscilloscope	Used when measuring sensor.

PARTS LOCATION

RHD model

LHD model

Captions in illustration

(1)	Front sub sensor RH	(2)	Front sub sensor LH
(3)	Airbag control module	(4)	Airbag main harness
(5)	Roll connector	(6)	Passenger’s airbag inflator
(7)	Driver’s airbag inflator	(8)	Airbag rear harness LH
(9)	Airbag rear harness RH	(10)	Side airbag sensor LH
(11)	Side airbag sensor RH	(12)	Seat belt pretensioner LH
(13)	Seat belt pretensioner RH	(14)	Curtain airbag sensor LH
(15)	Curtain airbag sensor RH	(16)	Side airbag inflator LH
(17)	Side airbag inflator RH	(18)	Curtain airbag inflator LH
(19)	Curtain airbag inflator RH	(20)	Satellite safing sensor
(21)	Front door impact sensor LH	(22)	Front door impact sensor RH
(23)	Door harness LH	(24)	Door harness RH
(25)	Knee airbag inflator	(26)	Passenger’s airbag cutoff switch

Captions in illustration

Connector No.	D52	D27	D30	A58	A51	H17	G1	Hb1	H22
Pin	4	30	4	2	2	15	15	2	2
Connector color	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow	Black
Male/Female	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female

Connector No.	H23	Gc1	G17	G16	G11	H25	H30	G14	z6
Pin	4	2	2	4	2	4	2	4	2
Connector color	Yellow	Yellow	Black	Yellow	Black	Yellow	Black	Yellow	Black
Male/Female	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female

Connector No.	E4	EH1	FG1	F2	H16	D37	D62
Pin	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
Connector color	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow	Black
Male/Female	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female

AIRBAG CONNECTOR

1. How to disconnect the power supply

CAUTION:

When pulling the slide lock or disconnecting connector, be sure to hold the connector, not the harness.

(1) Push the lock (A).

(2) While holding down the lock (A), disconnect the connector.

2. How to connect the power supply

CAUTION:

Be sure to insert the connector in until it is locked. Then pull it gently to make sure that it is locked.

(1) Holding the connector, push it in securely until a clicking sound is heard.

3. How to disconnect the airbag control module

(1) Push the lock lever plate (A).

(2) While holding down the lock lever plate (A), pull the lever toward you.

4. How to connect the airbag control module

CAUTION:

Be sure to insert the connector in until it is locked. Then pull it gently to make sure that it is locked.

(1) Insert the connector and push the lock lever in securely.

5. How to disconnect the driver’s airbag module (roll connector)

CAUTION:

When pulling the slide lock or disconnecting connector, be sure to hold the connector, not the harness.

(1) Pull the slide lock (A) in the direction of arrow.

(2) With the slide lock pulled, disconnect the connector.

6. How to connect the driver’s airbag module (roll connector)

CAUTION:

Be sure to insert the connector in until it is locked. Then pull it gently to make sure that it is locked.

(1) Holding the connector, push it in securely until a clicking sound is heard.

7. How to disconnect the passenger’s airbag module

CAUTION:

When pulling the slide lock or disconnecting connector, be sure to hold the connector, not the harness.

(1) Pull the slide lock (A) in the direction of arrow.

(2) With the slide lock pulled, disconnect the connector.

8. How to connect the passenger’s airbag module

CAUTION:

Be sure to insert the connector in until it is locked. Then pull it gently to make sure that it is locked.

(1) Holding the connector, push it in securely until a clicking sound is heard.

9. How to disconnect the driver’s airbag module, the curtain airbag module and the pretensioner

(1) Using a flat tip screwdriver, pry the push lock upward to unlock.

(2) Pull the connector to disconnect from the airbag module ASSY or the retractor ASSY.

10. How to connect the driver’s airbag module, the curtain airbag module and the pretensioner

CAUTION:

·Be sure to insert the connector in until it is locked.
·Press in the push lock securely. Then pull it gently to make sure that it is locked.

(1) Connect the connector in the reverse order of disconnecting. At this time, be sure to insert until a clicking sound is heard.

11. How to disconnect the front sub sensor

CAUTION:

When pulling the slide lock or disconnecting connector, be sure to hold the connector, not the harness.

(1) Push the lock arm.

(2) Holding outer part, pull it one step in the direction of arrow.

(3) Push the lock arm again.

(4) Holding outer part, pull it in the direction of arrow to disconnect the connector.

12. How to connect the front sub sensor

CAUTION:

Be sure to insert the connector in until it is locked. Then pull it gently to make sure that it is locked.

(1) Connect the connector in the reverse order of disconnecting. At this time, be sure to insert until a clicking sound is heard.

13. How to disconnect the front door impact sensor and the satellite safing sensor

CAUTION:

When pulling the slide lock or disconnecting connector, be sure to hold the connector, not the harness.

(1) Holding outer part (A), pull it in the direction of arrow.

14. How to connect the front door impact sensor and the satellite safing sensor

CAUTION:

·Outer side (A) moves back, and so do not touch the outer part.
·Be sure to insert the connector in until it is locked. Then pull it gently to make sure that it is locked.

(1) Holding the connector, push it in securely until a clicking sound is heard.

15. How to disconnect the side airbag sensor and the curtain airbag sensor

CAUTION:

When pulling the slide lock or disconnecting connector, be sure to hold the connector, not the harness.

(1) Push the lock arm.

(2) Holding outer part, pull it one step in the direction of arrow.

(3) Push the lock arm again.

(4) Holding outer part, pull it in the direction of arrow to disconnect the connector.

16. How to connect the side airbag sensor and the curtain airbag sensor

CAUTION:

Be sure to insert the connector in until it is locked. Then pull it gently to make sure that it is locked.

(1) Holding the connector, push it in securely until a clicking sound is heard.

17. How to disconnect the side airbag module

CAUTION:

When pulling the slide lock or disconnecting connector, be sure to hold the connector, not the harness.

(1) Push the lock arm.

(2) Holding outer part, pull it one step in the direction of arrow.

(3) Push the lock arm again.

(4) Holding outer part, pull it in the direction of arrow to disconnect the connector.

18. How to connect the side airbag module

CAUTION:

Be sure to insert the connector in until it is locked. Then pull it gently to make sure that it is locked.

(1) Connect the connector in the reverse order of disconnecting. At this time, be sure to insert until a clicking sound is heard.

19. How to disconnect the knee airbag module

(1) Using a flat tip screwdriver, pry the push lock upward to unlock.

(2) Pull the connector to disconnect it from the airbag module ASSY.

20. How to connect the knee airbag module

CAUTION:

·Be sure to insert the connector in until it is locked.
·Press in the push lock securely. Then pull it gently to make sure that it is locked.

(1) Connect the connector in the reverse order of disconnecting. At this time, be sure to insert until a clicking sound is heard.

INSPECTION ITEMS AFTER A COLLISION

1. Replacement
Replace the following parts if the airbag system has been activated.

(1) Frontal collision

·Driver side air bag module
·Knee airbag module
·Passenger’s airbag module
·Driver’s seat belt (pretensioner)
·Passenger’s seat belt (pretensioner)
·Airbag control module
·Front sub sensor (RH and LH)
·Roll connector
·Passenger’s seat cushion pad and frame ASSY
·Instrument panel (because it is integrated with passenger’s airbag module)

(2) Side collision

·Airbag control module
·Satellite safing sensor
·Front door impact sensor (operating side)
·Side airbag module (operating side)
·Side airbag sensor (operating side)
·Curtain airbag module (operating side)
·Curtain airbag sensor (operating side)
·Pad ASSY - front seat backrest (operating side)
·Cover COMPL - front backrest (operating side)
·Trim panel - roof ASSY
·Trim panel for each pillar (operating side)

(3) Other parts to check
Check for the following parts, and replace the damaged parts with new parts.

·Check the steering wheel and the column ASSY - steering for mounting conditions and looseness of front and rear, upward and downward directions. Check for the column ASSY - steering for looseness of front and rear direction with tilt lever released. (After a collision, absorbing part of the column assembly - steering may have been operated.)
·Check the direct type connector of driver’s airbag module, curtain airbag module, pretensioner, etc. for damage, and also check each harness for pinch and connector damage. Replace the main harness as a unit if damage is found.
·Check the seat cushion, backrest, slide rail and headrest for installation condition and looseness.
·If any break or fray is found in the cover COMPL - front backrest of the driver’s seat or passenger’s seat, the side airbag system may not operate properly. In this case, replace the cover COMPL - front backrest with a new part.

2. Inspection
If the vehicle is involved in a collision, even if it is a slight collision, be sure to check the following systems.

(1) Driver’s airbag module ASSY

(a) In case of a frontal collision (driver’s airbag module activated), replace the following parts with new ones.

·Airbag control module
·Driver side air bag module
·Knee airbag module
·Passenger’s airbag module
·Seat belt pretensioner (RH and LH)
·Front sub sensor (RH and LH)
·Column ASSY - steering

(b) In case of a frontal collision (driver’s airbag module activated), visually inspect the following items and replace any damaged part with a new one.

·Steering wheel
·Beam COMPL - steering
·Instrument panel harness and connector on body side

(c) In case of a frontal collision (driver’s airbag module not activated), visually inspect the following items and replace any damaged or cracked part with a new one. Specially inspect the damage of airbag module body, mounting bracket and harness connector.

·Driver side air bag module
·Knee airbag module
·Passenger’s airbag module
·Seat belt pretensioner (RH and LH)
·Front sub sensor (RH and LH)
·Instrument panel ASSY (because it is integrated with passenger’s airbag module)

(d) In case of no frontal collision, visually inspect the airbag modules for damage or contamination and replace any faulty part with a new one.

(2) Knee airbag module

(a) In case of a frontal collision (knee airbag module activated), replace the following parts with new ones.

·Airbag control module
·Driver side air bag module
·Knee airbag module (for models with knee airbag module only)
·Passenger’s airbag module
·Seat belt pretensioner (RH and LH)
·Front sub sensor (RH and LH)
·Column ASSY - steering

(b) In case of a frontal collision (knee airbag module activated), visually inspect the following items, and replace a damaged part, if any, with a new one.

·Steering wheel
·Beam COMPL - steering
·Instrument panel harness and connector on body side

(c) In case of a frontal collision (knee airbag module not activated), visually inspect the following items, and replace a damaged or cracked part, if any, with a new one. Specially inspect the damage of airbag module body, mounting bracket and harness connector.

·Driver side air bag module
·Knee airbag module (for models with knee airbag module only)
·Passenger’s airbag module
·Seat belt pretensioner (RH and LH)
·Front sub sensor (RH and LH)
·Instrument panel ASSY (because it is integrated with passenger’s airbag module)

(d) In case of no frontal collision, visually inspect the airbag modules for damage or contamination and replace any faulty part with a new one.

(3) Passenger’s airbag module

(a) In case of a frontal collision (passenger’s airbag module activated), replace the following parts with new ones.

·Airbag control module
·Driver side air bag module
·Knee airbag module
·Passenger’s airbag module
·Seat belt pretensioner (RH and LH)
·Front sub sensor (RH and LH)
·Instrument panel ASSY (because it is integrated with passenger’s airbag module)

(b) In case of a frontal collision (passenger’s airbag module activated), visually inspect the following items and replace any damaged part with a new one.

·Beam COMPL - steering
·Instrument panel harness and connector on body side

(c) In case of a frontal collision (passenger’s airbag module not activated), visually inspect the following items and replace any damaged or cracked part with a new one. Specially inspect the damage of airbag module body, mounting bracket and harness connector.

(d) In case of no frontal collision, visually inspect the airbag modules for damage or contamination and replace any faulty part with a new one.

(4) Side airbag module

(a) In case of a side collision (side airbag module activated), replace the following parts with new ones.

·Airbag control module
·Satellite safing sensor
·Front door impact sensor
·Side airbag module
·Side airbag sensor
·Curtain airbag module
·Curtain airbag sensor
·Pad ASSY - front seat backrest
·Frame ASSY - front backrest
·Cover COMPL - front backrest
·Trim panel - roof ASSY
·Trim panel for each pillar

(b) In case of a frontal collision (passenger’s airbag module activated), visually inspect the following items and replace any damaged part with a new one.

·Headrest ASSY
·Bushing - lock headrest
·Slide rail ASSY - OUT
·Slide rail ASSY - INN
·Cover - hinge front seat
·Knob - lifter
·Lever - reclining
·Side airbag harness and connector on body side

(c) In case of a side collision (side airbag module not activated), visually inspect the following items and replace any damaged or cracked part with a new one. Specially inspect the damage of airbag module body, mounting bracket and harness connector.

·Pad ASSY - front seat backrest
·Frame ASSY - front backrest
·Cover COMPL - front backrest
·Sensor ASSY - satellite safing
·Front door impact sensor
·Side airbag module
·Side airbag sensor
·Curtain airbag module
·Curtain airbag sensor

(d) In case of no side collision, visually inspect the airbag modules for contamination and replace any faulty part with a new one.

(5) Curtain airbag module

(a) In case of a side collision (curtain airbag module activated), replace the following parts with new ones.

·Airbag control module
·Satellite safing sensor
·Front door impact sensor
·Side airbag module
·Curtain airbag module
·Side airbag sensor
·Curtain airbag sensor
·Pad ASSY - front seat backrest
·Frame ASSY - front backrest
·Cover COMPL - front backrest
·Trim panel - roof ASSY
·Trim panel for each pillar

(b) In case of a frontal collision (passenger’s airbag module activated), visually inspect the following items and replace any damaged part with a new one.

·Assist rail - front and rear
·Bracket - assist rail front and rear
·Curtain airbag harness and connector on body side

(c) In case of a side collision (curtain airbag module not activated), visually inspect the following items and replace any damaged or cracked part with a new one. Specially inspect the damage of airbag module body, mounting bracket and harness connector.

·Trim panel - roof ASSY
·Trim panel for each pillar
·Curtain airbag module
·Satellite safing sensor
·Front door impact sensor
·Side airbag sensor
·Curtain airbag sensor

(d) In case of no side collision, visually inspect the airbag covers for damage or contamination and replace any faulty part with a new one.

(6) Airbag control module

(a) Check the following items and replace the damaged parts with new parts.

·Control module is cracked or deformed.
·Mounting bracket is cracked or deformed.
·Connector is scratched, cracked or deformed.
·Driver’s airbag module has been activated.
·Knee airbag module
·Passenger’s airbag module has been activated.
·Side airbag module has been activated.
·Curtain airbag module has been activated.
·Seat belt pretensioner has been activated.
·Lap seat belt pretensioner has been activated.

(7) Front sub sensor

(a) If the front section of the vehicle is damaged, check the following items and replace the damaged parts with new parts.

·Front sub sensor is cracked or deformed.
·Mounting bracket is cracked or deformed.
·Connector is scratched, cracked or deformed.
·Driver’s airbag module, knee airbag module, or passenger’s airbag module has been activated.

(8) Satellite safing sensor, front door impact sensor, side airbag sensor, and curtain airbag sensor

(a) If the side of the vehicle is damaged, check the following items and replace the damaged parts with new parts.

·Satellite safing sensor, front door impact sensor, side airbag sensor, and curtain airbag sensor are cracked or deformed.
·Connector is scratched, cracked or deformed.
·Side airbag module or curtain airbag module has been activated. (operating side)

(9) Roll connector

(a) Check the following items, and replace the damaged parts such as cracks, deformation, etc. with new parts.

·Combination switch
·Steering roll connector

(10) Column ASSY steering and steering wheel

(a) Check the following items, and if there is anything out of standard value, replace it with a new part because it may be damaged.

·On-the-vehicle inspection of the steering system
·Unit inspection of the steering column

(11) Passenger’s seat

(a) Check the following items and replace the damaged parts with new parts.

·Body or bracket of the seat belt inner - front is scratched, cracked or deformed.
·Frame ASSY - front backrest is cracked or deformed.
·Headrest ASSY has deformation or play.
·If the cover - front cushion and the cover COMPL - front backrest is damaged or frayed, replace the cover with a new part.

CAUTION:

If any of the following applies, replace the pad ASSY - front seat cushion and frame ASSY - front cushion as a unit. Do not disassemble.

·Frame ASSY - front cushion or pad ASSY - front seat cushion is cracked or deformed.
·Harness and/or connector is cracked, deformed or broken. Harness wire is exposed.

LIST OF DIAGNOSTIC CODES

DTC	Item	Diagnosis contents
U0073	Control Module Communication Bus “A” Off	There is an error in the CAN communication.
B1000	Airbag ECM Malfunction	Airbag control module is faulty.
B11F1	Front Airbag: Firing output	Front airbag module and seat belt pretensioner (LH/RH) are activated.
B11F6	Side/Curtain Airbag: Firing output	·Side airbag module and curtain airbag module are activated. ·Curtain airbag module is activated.
B11F0	Disposal Process Complete	Collective operations for each airbag and pretensioner has been processed.
B1610	Front Sub Sensor RH Failure	Front sub sensor RH is faulty.
B1612	Front Sub Sensor RH Lost Communication	·Harness RH between airbag control module and front sub sensor is open or shorted. ·Front sub sensor RH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1613	Front Sub Sensor RH Initialization Error
B1615	Front Sub Sensor LH Failure	Front sub sensor LH is faulty.
B1617	Front Sub Sensor LH Lost Communication	·Harness LH between airbag control module and front sub sensor is open or shorted. ·Front sub sensor LH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1618	Front Sub Sensor LH Initialization Error
B16F2	Front Sub Sensor RH Recognition Error	·Front sensor RH is installed incorrectly. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B16F3	Front Sub Sensor LH Recognition Error	·Front sensor LH is installed incorrectly. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1620	Side Airbag Sensor RH Failure	Side airbag sensor RH is faulty.
B1622	Side Airbag Sensor RH Lost Communication	·Harness RH between airbag control module and side airbag sensor is open or shorted. ·Side airbag sensor RH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1623	Side Airbag Sensor RH Initialization Error
B1625	Side Airbag Sensor LH Failure	Side airbag sensor LH is faulty.
B1627	Side Airbag Sensor LH Lost Communication	·Harness LH between airbag control module and side airbag sensor is open or shorted. ·Side airbag sensor LH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1628	Side Airbag Sensor LH Initialization Error
B1630	Curtain Airbag Sensor RH Failure	Curtain airbag sensor RH is faulty.
B1632	Curtain Airbag Sensor RH Lost Communication	·Harness RH between airbag control module and curtain airbag sensor is open or shorted. ·Side airbag sensor RH is faulty. ·Curtain airbag sensor RH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1633	Curtain Airbag Sensor RH Initialization Error
B1635	Curtain Airbag Sensor LH Failure	Curtain airbag sensor LH is faulty.
B1637	Curtain Airbag Sensor LH Lost Communication	·Harness LH between airbag control module and curtain airbag sensor is open or shorted. ·Side airbag sensor LH is faulty. ·Curtain airbag sensor LH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1638	Curtain Airbag Sensor LH Initialization Error
B16F4	Side Airbag Sensor RH Recognition Error	·Side airbag sensor RH is installed incorrectly. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B16F5	Side Airbag Sensor LH Recognition Error	·Side airbag sensor LH is installed incorrectly. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B16F6	Curtain Airbag Sensor RH Recognition Error	·Curtain airbag sensor RH is installed incorrectly. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B16F7	Curtain Airbag Sensor LH Recognition Error	·Curtain airbag sensor LH is installed incorrectly. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1642	Side Satellite Sensor Bus RH Lost Communication	·Harness RH between airbag control module and front door impact sensor is open or shorted. ·Side airbag sensor RH is faulty. ·Curtain airbag sensor RH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1647	Side Satellite Sensor Bus LH Lost Communication	·Harness LH between airbag control module and front door impact sensor is open or shorted. ·Side airbag sensor LH is faulty. ·Curtain airbag sensor LH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1651	Manual Cut OFF Switch Trouble	·Open or short circuit in manual cutoff switch, or short-circuited to ground. ·Airbag control module is faulty. ·Open or short circuit in airbag main harness circuit, or short-circuited to ground. ·Body harness is shorted.
B1660	Passenger’s Airbag indicator failure	·Passenger’s airbag indicator is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty. ·Airbag main harness circuit is open, shorted, or shorted to ground. ·Body harness is shorted.
B1675	Satellite Safing Sensor Failure	Satellite safing sensor is faulty.
B1678	Lost Communication With Satellite Safing Sensor	·Harness between airbag control module and satellite safing sensor is open or shorted. ·Satellite safing sensor is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1679	Satellite Safing Sensor Initialization Incomplete
B16F8	Satellite Safing Sensor Recognition Error	·Satellite safing sensor is installed incorrectly. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B16F9	Door Sensor RH Recognition Error	·Door sensor RH is installed incorrectly. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1690	Door Sensor RH Failure	Door sensor RH is faulty.
B1692	Lost Communication With Door Sensor RH	·Harness between airbag control module and door sensor RH is open or shorted. ·Side airbag sensor RH is faulty. ·Curtain airbag sensor RH is faulty. ·Door sensor RH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1693	Door Sensor RH Initialization Incomplete
B16FA	Lost Communication With Door Sensor LH	·Door sensor LH is installed incorrectly. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1695	Door Sensor LH Initialization Incomplete	Door sensor LH is faulty.
B1697	Lost Communication With Door Sensor LH	·Harness between airbag control module and door sensor LH is open or shorted. ·Side airbag sensor LH is faulty. ·Curtain airbag sensor LH is faulty. ·Door sensor LH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1698	Door Sensor LH Initialization Incomplete
B161A	Lost Communication with Front Satellite Sensor Bus	·Harness between airbag control module and front sub sensor is open or shorted. ·Front sub sensor is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1800	Short in Driver’s Airbag	·Airbag main harness circuit is shorted. ·Airbag module harness (driver’s side) circuit is shorted. ·Roll connector circuit is shorted. ·Driver’s airbag module is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1801	Open in Driver’s Airbag	·Airbag main harness circuit is open. ·Airbag module harness (driver’s side) circuit is open. ·Roll connector circuit is open. ·Driver’s airbag module is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1802	Short in Driver’s Airbag (to Ground)	·Airbag main harness circuit is shorted to ground. ·Airbag module harness (driver’s side) circuit is shorted to ground. ·Roll connector circuit is shorted to ground. ·Driver’s airbag module is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1803	Short in Driver’s Airbag (to +B)	·Airbag main harness circuit is shorted to power supply. ·Airbag module harness (driver’s side) circuit is shorted to power supply. ·Roll connector circuit is shorted to power supply. ·Airbag module is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1805	Short in Passenger’s Airbag	·Airbag main harness circuit is shorted. ·Airbag module harness (passenger’s side) circuit is shorted. ·Passenger’s airbag module is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1806	Open in Passenger’s Airbag	·Airbag main harness circuit is open. ·Airbag module harness (passenger’s side) circuit is open. ·Passenger’s airbag module is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1807	Short in Passenger’s Airbag (to Ground)	·Airbag main harness circuit is shorted to ground. ·Airbag module harness (passenger’s side) circuit is shorted to ground. ·Passenger’s airbag module is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1808	Short in passenger’s airbag (to +B)	·Airbag main harness circuit is shorted to power supply. ·Airbag module harness (passenger’s side) circuit is shorted to power supply. ·Passenger’s airbag module is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1820	Short in side airbag RH	·Side airbag harness RH circuit is shorted. ·Side airbag module RH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1821	Open in side airbag RH	·Side airbag harness RH circuit is open. ·Side airbag module RH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1822	Short in side airbag RH (to ground)	·Side airbag harness RH circuit is shorted to ground. ·Side airbag module RH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1823	Short in side airbag RH (to +B)	·Side airbag harness RH circuit is shorted to power supply. ·Side airbag module RH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1825	Short in side airbag LH	·Side airbag harness LH circuit is shorted. ·Side airbag module LH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1826	Open in side airbag LH	·Side airbag harness LH circuit is open. ·Side airbag module LH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1827	Short in side airbag LH (to ground)	·Side airbag harness LH circuit is shorted to ground. ·Side airbag module LH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1828	Short in Side Airbag LH (to +B)	·Side airbag harness LH circuit is shorted to power supply. ·Side airbag module LH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1830	Short in curtain airbag RH squib circuit	·Curtain airbag harness RH circuit is shorted. ·Curtain airbag module RH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1831	Open in curtain airbag RH squib circuit	·Curtain airbag harness RH circuit is open. ·Curtain airbag module RH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1832	Short in curtain airbag RH squib circuit (to ground)	·Curtain airbag harness RH circuit is shorted to ground. ·Side airbag module RH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1833	Short in curtain airbag RH squib circuit (to +B)	·Curtain airbag harness RH is shorted to power supply. ·Curtain airbag module RH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1835	Short in curtain airbag LH squib circuit	·Curtain airbag harness LH circuit is shorted. ·Curtain airbag module LH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1836	Open in curtain airbag LH squib circuit	·Curtain airbag harness LH circuit is open. ·Curtain airbag module LH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1837	Short in curtain airbag LH squib circuit (to ground)	·Curtain airbag harness LH circuit is shorted to ground. ·Curtain airbag module LH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1838	Short in curtain airbag LH squib circuit (to +B)	·Curtain airbag harness LH is shorted to power supply. ·Curtain airbag module LH is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1860	Short in Driver’s Knee Airbag	·Airbag main harness circuit is shorted. ·Knee airbag module harness circuit is shorted. ·Knee airbag module is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1861	Open in Driver’s Knee Airbag	·Airbag main harness circuit is open. ·Knee airbag module harness circuit is open. ·Knee airbag module is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1862	Short in Driver’s Knee Airbag (to Ground)	·Airbag main harness circuit is shorted to ground. ·Knee airbag module harness circuit is shorted to ground. ·Knee airbag module is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1863	Short in Driver’s Knee Airbag (to +B)	·Airbag main harness circuit is shorted to power supply. ·Knee airbag module harness circuit is shorted to power supply. ·Knee airbag module is faulty. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1900	Short in front P/T RH	·Seat belt pretensioner RH circuit is shorted. ·Pretensioner RH is faulty. ·Pretensioner harness RH is shorted. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1901	Open in front P/T RH	·Seat belt pretensioner RH circuit is open. ·Pretensioner RH is faulty. ·Pretensioner harness RH is shorted. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1902	Short in front P/T RH (to ground)	·Seat belt pretensioner RH circuit is shorted to ground. ·Pretensioner RH is faulty. ·Pretensioner harness RH is shorted. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1903	Short in front P/T RH (to +B)	·Seat belt pretensioner RH circuit is shorted to power supply. ·Pretensioner RH is faulty. ·Pretensioner harness RH is shorted. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1905	Short in front P/T LH	·Seat belt pretensioner LH circuit is shorted. ·Pretensioner LH is faulty. ·Pretensioner harness LH is shorted. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1906	Open in front P/T LH	·Seat belt pretensioner LH circuit is open. ·Pretensioner LH is faulty. ·Pretensioner harness LH is shorted. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1907	Short in front P/T LH (to ground)	·Seat belt pretensioner LH circuit is shorted to ground. ·Pretensioner LH is faulty. ·Pretensioner harness LH is shorted. ·Airbag control module is faulty.
B1908	Short in front P/T LH (to +B)	·Seat belt pretensioner LH circuit is shorted to power supply. ·Pretensioner LH is faulty. ·Pretensioner harness LH is shorted. ·Airbag control module is faulty.

HOW TO TROUBLESHOOT

1. Bring in the car

Next▼

2. Interview and phenomenon check

(Refer to

)

Next▼

3. Inspection of CAN communication system

(1) Check CAN communication system. (Refer to

)

Result

Result	Go to
Functioning properly	A
Not functioning properly	B

>To CAN communication system (Refer to

)

A▼

4. DTC check

(1) Using the SSM3, check the DTC. (Refer to

)

(a) Record the diagnostic codes.

Result

Result	Go to
A DTC is output.	A
No diagnostic code is output.	B

NOTE:

When a DTC is output, refer to “List of diagnostic codes (

).”

>Go to Step 8.

A▼

5. Circuit check

Next▼

6. Clear diagnostic code

(Refer to

)

Next▼

7. Checking diagnostic codes

(1) Using the SSM3, check the DTC. (Refer to

)

(a) Record the diagnostic codes.

Result

Result	Go to
No diagnostic code is output.	A
A DTC is output.	B

>Go to Step 9.

A▼

8. Reproduction procedure

(Refer to

)

Next▼

9. Confirming the problem

Next▼

10. Replacement and repair

Next▼

11. Confirmation test

Next▼

Complete

SUBARU SELECT MONITOR

Operation

For the operation procedure, refer to “PC application help for Subaru Select Monitor”.

Communication for initializing is not possible

Perform inspection when communication between the airbag control module and the Subaru Select Monitor is not possible.

Circuit figure

Inspection steps

CAUTION:

Before performing the diagnosis, refer to the precautions.

1. Check of ignition switch

(1) Check the ignition switch

Criteria : Ignition switch ON

>Turn the ignition switch to ON and use the Subaru Select Monitor to select the airbag mode.

OK▼

2. Battery check

(1) Turn the ignition switch to OFF.

(2) Measure the battery voltage.

Criteria : The voltage is 11 V or more

>Charge or replace the battery.

OK▼

3. Check of battery terminal

(1) Check the battery terminal.

Criteria : No fault is found.

>Replace or tighten the battery terminal.

OK▼

4. Communication check of Subaru Select Monitor

(1) Turn the ignition switch to ON.

(2) Use the Subaru Select Monitor to check that it communicates with other systems properly.

Criteria : Communication with other systems is performed properly.

>Go to Step 5.

OK▼

5. Check of Subaru Select Monitor

(1) Check that the Subaru Select Monitor is powered on.

Criteria : No fault is found.

>Go to Step 6.

OK▼

6. Fuse check

Criteria : No fault is present in the data link connector fuse OBD (7.5 A) and ECM IG2 (10 A)

>Replace the fuse. When the fuse is blown again, check the power circuit.

OK▼

Repair the harness between the battery and the data link connector.

7. Check of airbag control module connector

(1) Turn the ignition switch to OFF, disconnect the battery ground terminal, and wait for 60 seconds or more.

(2) Check that the airbag control module connector (D27, G1, H17) is securely connected.

Criteria : No fault is found.

>Reconnect the airbag control module connector.

OK▼

8. Communication check of Subaru Select Monitor

(1) Disconnect the airbag control module connector.

(2) Connect the battery ground terminal.

(3) Turn the ignition switch to ON.

(4) Check that communication with other systems is performed properly.

Criteria : Communication with other systems is performed properly.

>Go to Step 9.

OK▼

Replace the airbag control module.

9. Fuse check

Criteria : No fault is present in the A/B MAIN fuse (15 A)

>Replace the fuse. When the fuse is blown again, check the power circuit.

OK▼

10. Check of airbag control module connector

(1) Turn the ignition switch to OFF, disconnect the battery ground terminal, and wait for 60 seconds or more.

(2) Check that the airbag control module connector (D27, G1, H17) is securely connected.

Criteria : No fault is found.

>Reconnect the airbag control module connector.

OK▼

11. CAN communication check

(1) Check CAN communication system. (Refer to

)

Criteria : No fault is found.

>Repair it according to the check by the CAN communication system.

OK▼

12. Check of power circuit

(1) Disconnect the connector (D27, G1, H17) from the airbag control module.

(2) Connect the connector (1AH) in the test harness AH to the connector (D27, G1, H17).

(3) Connect the connector (2AH) in the test harness AH and the connector (1AG) in the test harness AG.

(4) Turn the ignition switch to ON.

(5) Measure the voltage between the connector (2AG) in the test harness AG and the chassis ground.

Voltage

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(2AG) No. 1 (+) - chassis ground (-)	Always	10 V or more

>Repair the harness between the airbag control module and the battery. Or replace the airbag main harness along with the bulkhead harness.

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(2AG) No. 4 - chassis ground:	Always	Less than 10 Ω
(2AG) No. 3 - chassis ground:	Always	Less than 10 Ω

Customer’s name				Inspector’s name
Vehicle bringing date		/	/	Registration No.
Odometer readout	km miles			Frame number
Trouble occurrence date		/	/	Registration year	/	/
Weather	·Clear ·Cloudy ·Rainy ·Snowy ·Other:
Temperature	°C ( °F)
Road condition	·Flat road ·Uphill ·Downhill ·Unpaved road ·Other:
Vehicle operation	·Start ·Idling ·Driving ·Constant speed ·Accelerating ·Decelerating ·Turning ·Other:
Details of trouble
Behavior of the airbag warning light	·Normal (When turning the ignition switch to ON, the light illuminates for approx. 6 seconds, then goes off.) ·The light is stuck on. ·The light does not illuminate.
DTC output	Normal code DTC: (code: )

Item		Terminal No.
Ignition power supply	Dedicated fuse	D27 - 21
Passenger’s airbag module	+	D27 - 4
Passenger’s airbag module	-	D27 - 3
Driver side air bag module	+	D27 - 5
Driver side air bag module	-	D27 - 6
CAN-H		D27 - 13
CAN-L		D27 - 22
Front sub sensor LH	+	D27 - 30
Front sub sensor LH	-	D27 - 28
Front sub sensor RH	+	D27 - 29
Front sub sensor RH	-	D27 - 27
Ground line (GND)		D27 - 25
Ground line (GND)		D27 - 26
Passenger’s airbag OFF indicator		D27 - 17
Passenger’s airbag ON indicator		D27 - 23
Passenger’s airbag cutoff switch	+	D27 - 14
Passenger’s airbag cutoff switch	-	D27 - 12
Side airbag sensor LH Curtain airbag sensor LH Front door impact sensor LH	+	H17 - 8
	-	H17 - 15
Side airbag module LH	+	H17 - 9
Side airbag module LH	-	H17 - 10
Curtain airbag module LH	+	H17 - 7
Curtain airbag module LH	-	H17 - 6
Seat belt pretensioner LH	+	H17 - 2
Seat belt pretensioner LH	-	H17 - 1
Satellite safing sensor	+	H17 - 11
Satellite safing sensor	-	H17 - 12
Seat belt pretensioner RH	+	G1 - 4
Seat belt pretensioner RH	-	G1 - 5
Side airbag sensor RH Curtain airbag sensor RH Front door impact sensor RH	+	G1 - 8
	-	G1 - 11
Side airbag module RH	+	G1 - 7
Side airbag module RH	-	G1 - 6
Curtain airbag module RH	+	G1 - 9
Curtain airbag module RH	-	G1 - 10

*1	Airbag warning light
*2	For Approx. 6 second
*3	Ignition switch ON

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(4AG) No. 14 - (3H) No. 5	Always	Less than 10 Ω
(4AG) No. 12 - (3H) No. 6	Always	Less than 10 Ω

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(4AG) No. 12 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more
(4AG) No. 14 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more
(4AG) No. 12 - (4AG) No. 14	Always	1 MΩ or more

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(4AG) No. 7 - (3H) No. 5	Always	Less than 10 Ω
(4AG) No. 9 - (3H) No. 6	Always	Less than 10 Ω

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(4AG) No. 7 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more
(4AG) No. 9 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more
(4AG) No. 7 - (4AG) No. 9	Always	1 MΩ or more

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(5AG) No. 14 - (3V) No. 1	Always	Less than 10 Ω
(5AG) No. 15 - (3V) No. 2	Always	Less than 10 Ω

*1	Side airbag sensor RH
*2	Airbag control module
*3	Airbag rear harness

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(3V) No. 1 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more
(3V) No. 2 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more
(3V) No. 1 - (3V) No. 2	Always	1 MΩ or more

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(5AG) No. 9 - (3V) No. 2	Always	Less than 10 Ω
(5AG) No. 10 - (3V) No. 1	Always	Less than 10 Ω

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(3V) No. 2 - (3V) No. 6	Always	Less than 10 Ω
(3V) No. 1 - (3V) No. 7	Always	Less than 10 Ω

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(3V) No. 4 - (3H) No. 5	Always	Less than 10 Ω
(3V) No. 5 - (3H) No. 6	Always	Less than 10 Ω

*1	Front door impact sensor RH
*2	Curtain airbag sensor RH
*3	Door harness
*4	Airbag rear harness

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(3V) No. 4 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more
(3V) No. 5 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more
(3V) No. 4 - (3V) No. 5	Always	1 MΩ or more

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(D37) No. 1 - (4AG) No. 4	Always	Less than 10 Ω
(D37) No. 2 - (4AG) No. 6	Always	Less than 10 Ω

*1	Airbag cutoff switch
*2	Airbag control module
*3	Body harness
*a	Front side of body harness connector (To airbag cutoff switch)

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(4AG) No. 4 - chassis ground	IG ON	Less than 1 V
(4AG) No. 6 - chassis ground	IG ON	Less than 1 V

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(2AG) No. 9 - (2AG) No. 8	Always	1 MΩ or more
(2AG) No. 9 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more
(2AG) No. 8 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(2AG) No. 9 - (D18) No. 5	Always	Less than 1 Ω
(2AG) No. 8 - (D18) No. 3	Always	Less than 1 Ω

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(4AG) No. 3 - (3H) No. 5	Always	Less than 10 Ω
(5AG) No. 11 - (3H) No. 6	Always	Less than 10 Ω

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(4AG) No. 3 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more
(5AG) No. 11 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more
(4AG) No. 3 - (5AG) No. 11	Always	1 MΩ or more

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(2N) No. 1 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more
(2N) No. 2 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(3AG) No. 1 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more
(3AG) No. 3 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(2N) No. 1 (+) - chassis ground (-)	Always	Less than 1 V
(2N) No. 2 (+) - chassis ground (-)	Always	Less than 1 V

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(3AG) No. 1 (+) - chassis ground (-)	Always	Less than 1 V
(3AG) No. 3 (+) - chassis ground (-)	Always	Less than 1 V

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(D30) No. 2 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more
(D30) No. 3 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more

*1	Side airbag module RH
*2	Airbag control module
*a	Side airbag module connector
	Release the short mechanism.

Inspection terminals	Inspection conditions	Standard value
(Gc1) No. 1 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more
(Gc1) No. 2 - chassis ground	Always	1 MΩ or more